I have had a similar experience with a custom template where I needed to add a column and the column did not show up while displaying or editing the column. Here's what I did
Under List Settings for that particular list, I turned on the "Allow management of Content types" under Advanced Settings
Now I can see the content type that is used which is displayed above the column section.
Here I update the content type to add a new column make sure that it applies to all instances where the content type is used.
Now, I come to the list settings and then uncheck the option to allow management of content types.
Let me know if this helps you out.