No, they won't.
Profiles are linked to the account SID not the username. The names in AD won't match the profile names on computers, but those profiles will remain active.
For instance, if you change John Doe with username John to JDoe the user profile would remain as "C:\Users\John" rather than being changed.
You may encounter complications if you use roaming profiles based on %UserName%, but local profiles will be fine.
Chris