I couldn't boot from any media before without a BSOD... For some reason I always feel like I am repeating myself when I come here.
For future reference copying NFTS.SYS from the recovery partition and replacing the current NTFS.SYS in C:\Windows\System32\Drivers\ solved the problem and allowed me to get the system started again. After that running a chkdsk on the drive didn't find any errors but after normal maintenance and updating of the software the system appears to be running normally again.